托福阅读组织结构题

托福阅读组织结构题

组织结构题【Organization Question】是托福阅读中出题频次较低的一种题型，但是它的难度却高于大部分题型，其难度体现在原文中没有出现任何明显结构定义，我们只能依据原文中作者的暗示内容来作出判断。很多同学在遇到这种题型的时候，不知从何处下手，以致于花了大量时间又做不对题目的情况频频出现。下面我们来介绍单个段落结构题和多个段落结构题的出题规律和解题技巧，帮助同学们快速准确地选出答案。

一：单个段落组织结构题

单个段落组织结构题常见提问方式：Which of the following best describes how paragraph X is organized?/What is the author's primary purpose in paragraph X?等。

解题切入点：段落首尾句。

真题演练：

Traditionally, it was believed that the transition to agriculture was the result of a worldwide population crisis. It was argued that once hunter-gathers had occupied the whole world, the population started to grow everywhere and food became scarce; agriculture would have been a solution to this problem. We know, however, that contemporary hunter-gatherer societies control their population in a variety of ways. The idea of a world population crisis is therefore unlikely, although population pressure might have arisen in some areas.

Which of the following best describes the way paragraph 2 is organized?

A A possible explanation for a phenomenon is presented and then criticized.

B Two similar ways of accounting for a puzzling fact are considered.

C Early societies’ response to a problem is contrasted with contemporary societies’ response.

D A prehistoric development is first explained in traditional terms and then in contemporary terms.

解题步骤详述：

1.判断题型，题目问的是第二段的结构，因此属于单个段落结构题。

2.理解段落首尾句，原文段落首尾句的意思分别是：“传统上认为农业的转变是世界人口危机导致的结果。”“尽管某些地区出现人口压力，但是世界人口危机的观点是不可能的。”

3.推测结构，结合首尾句可推出本段落结构大致为：先陈述了某个现象的原因， 然后又把该原因否决掉。

4.找出正确答案：A中提到criticize 符合上一步的结构猜想，正确。B中的two similar ways在原文中未提及过，错误。C中关于早期社会和当代社会的比较在原文中也没有提及，错误。D中的递进关系不符合原文结构，错误。因此，本题答案为A选项。

二：多个段落组织结构题

多个段落组织结构题常见提问方式：What is the relationship between paragraphs X and Y in the passage?/What role does Paragraph X play in the passage?等。

解题切入点：段落首尾句+结构关键词。

真题演练：

Much population movement involved the opening up of new lands for rice cultivation. Two things made this possible and encouraged it to happen. First, the opening of the kingdom to the full force of international trade by the Bowring Treaty 【1855】 rapidly encouraged economic specialization in the growing of rice, mainly to feed the rice-deficient portions of Asia 【India and China in particular】. The average annual volume of rice exported from Siam grew from under 60 million kilograms per year in the late 1850s to more than 660 million kilograms per year at the turn of the century; and over the same period the average price per kilogram doubled. During the same period, the area planted in rice increased from about 230,000 acres to more than350,000 acres. This growth was achieve as the result of the collective decisions of thousands of peasants families to expand the amount of land they cultivated, clear and plant new land, or adopt more intensive methods of agriculture.

They were able to do so because of our second consideration. They were relatively freer than they had been half a century earlier. Over the course of the Fifth Reign 【1868 – 1910】, the ties that bound rural people to the aristocracy and local ruling elites were greatly reduced. Peasants now paid a tax on individuals instead of being required to render labor service to the government. Under these conditions, it made good sense to thousands of peasant families to in effect work full-time at what they had been able to do only part-time previously because of the requirement to work for the government: grow rice for the marketplace.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between paragraphs 3 and 4 in the passage?

A Paragraph 4 provides further evidence of the economic growth of Siam discussed in paragraph 3.

B Paragraph 4 continues the discussion begun in paragraph 3 of farming improvements that led to economic growth.

C Paragraph4 examines a particular effect of the Bowring Treaty mentioned in paragraph 3.

D Paragraph 4 discusses the second of two factors that contributed to the expansion of rice farming mentioned in paragraph 3.

解题步骤详述：

1.判断题型，题目问的是第三段和第四段的关系，可知此题是多个段落结构题。

2.阅读两段的首尾句并找结构关键词，第三段第二句中有提到two things，第三句紧接着提到first的内容，但后文并未出现其他内容，直到第四段第一句中出现了second。

3.推测结构，根据两段中出现过的列举信号词“first”和“second”可得出两段是并列关系。

4.找出正确答案：A中的further 属于递进关系，不符合结构，错误。B中的continues仍然属于递进关系，错误。C中effect，属于因果关系，错误。D中second of two符合并列关系，正确。因此，本题答案为D选项。

三：组织结构题规律总结

通过上面两道例题，可以观察出结构题在考察时容易出现以下四种关系：1.并列关系【first，second，one of two等】;2.转折关系【but，however，not，impossible等】;3.递进关系【continue，further，more over，in addition等】;4.因果关系【therefore，because，reason，effect等】。所以，在遇到组织结构题时可联系上述关系对号入座，快速选出正确选项。

托福阅读的文章结构题怎么做

托福阅读文章结构题。分为三种：A、文章前面的段落内容是什么?B、文章下面接着将要讲什么?C、文章组织结构是什么?

对于以上三类结构题型，推断托福阅读文章前面内容要立足文章首句，因为文章首句承上启下，考生尤其要注意首句中诸如this、so之类的结构词。

预测下文内容的题则分两步走：首先，读各段首句，它们会显示文章内容的逻辑走向。其次，竖看文章每段首句，横看文章最后一句，其他句子都是文章所讲内容，而不是下面将要讲的内容，不过干扰性选项往往来自文章所讲的内容中。

至于文章组织结构题，考生只要读每段首句即可，因为这些句子就是文章框架。

新托福阅读背景知识

托福阅读的复习过程中，同学们可以多了解一些相关的背景知识，这样也能够辅助我们更好地了解托福阅读文章。为经典整理了一些比较常考的背景知识，供大家参考复习。

“垮掉的一代”

50年代沉闷的政治空气使许多青年感到窒息，他们吸毒、群居，以颓唐、放纵的生活方式来表示自己的抗议。其中有些人把这种生活与情绪写入文学作品，这便是“垮掉的一代”文学。这种文学发展到60年代后，在国内民主运动高涨的背景下，增加了一些政治色彩。但是对他们中许多人来说，东方宗教与东方哲学更具有吸引力。“垮掉的一代”在诗歌创作方面较有生气，并恢复了美国诗歌朗诵的传统。

新托福阅读真题

大家如果想要在短时间内更有效的提升阅读水平，那么可以多看一些往期的考试真题，这样能够让大家更深入的了解托福阅读考试的题目内容。就为大家整理了7月1日托福阅读真题的详细内容，供大家参考。

托福阅读考试日期：

2018年7月1日

新托福阅读题目回忆：

life on mars重复2016年5月7日大陆题目

火星探索发现表面没有水减少了有生命的可能，有个很久前火星的陨石飞来地球的极圈很冷能基本无污染的保存下来，科学家打开来检查，发现有种长得像地球远古生物【虫?】的生物的可能，但是其他科学家说这个结构太小了不可能有生物的基本功能。还发现了carbon的元素，这是地球生命产生的必须物质，但又有指出说这是地球生物的必须还是不能证明火星能有生命。